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Conditions

This is the part of Shrinkopedia that covers diagnosable mental health conditions in full. Each entry takes one diagnosis and explains it from the ground up: what it is, how it tends to start, what it looks like day to day, how clinicians actually diagnose it, and what helps. It's written for the person trying to understand a diagnosis they or someone close to them has received, and for anyone who wants a clear, accurate picture rather than a scattered one.

Every condition entry is researched from primary sources, including the DSM-5-TR, the ICD-11, NICE guidance, the National Institute of Mental Health, and Cochrane systematic reviews. We write it in plain language, and the editorial team led by Dr. Shariq Refai reviews each entry before it's published. Where the evidence behind a claim is solid, we say so. Where it's still unsettled, we say that too. Every entry carries an evidence-strength rating of Strong, Mixed, or Limited, so you can tell how confident the field is about what you're reading.

Browse the list below or use the filter to jump to a specific condition. Each entry links out to the symptoms that tend to come with it, the treatments used for it, and the terms worth knowing, so you can follow a diagnosis into the wider picture instead of reading it in isolation.

74 entries

Condition

Acute stress disorder

A trauma-related condition that can appear in the days after a traumatic event, with symptoms like PTSD that last from 3 days to 1 month.

Mixed
Condition

ADHD

What ADHD is, how it shows up in children and adults, and what treatment looks like.

Strong
Condition

ADHD vs autism

How ADHD and autism differ, where they overlap, and why so many people meet criteria for both.

Strong
Condition

Adjustment disorder

Emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to a clear stressor, more than ordinary stress but not major depression.

Mixed
Condition

Agoraphobia

An anxiety disorder defined by intense fear of situations where escape might be hard, or help unavailable, if panic strikes.

Strong
Condition

Alcohol use disorder

What alcohol use disorder actually is under DSM-5-TR, why medication-based treatment works, and what evidence-based recovery looks like.

Strong
Condition

Anorexia nervosa

What anorexia nervosa is under DSM-5-TR, why it isn't about food or vanity, and what evidence-based treatment looks like across ages.

Strong
Condition

Antisocial personality disorder

What antisocial personality disorder is under DSM-5-TR, how it differs from psychopathy and from ordinary rule-breaking, and what treatment can and can't do.

Mixed
Condition

ARFID (avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder)

An eating disorder where someone limits what or how much they eat for reasons other than body image, like sensory issues or fear of choking.

Limited
Condition

Autism spectrum disorder

A lifelong neurodevelopmental difference in social communication and in behavior, interests, and senses.

Strong
Condition

Avoidant personality disorder

What avoidant personality disorder is under DSM-5-TR, how it differs from social anxiety and from ordinary shyness, and what evidence-based treatment looks like.

Mixed
Condition

Binge eating disorder

What binge eating disorder is under DSM-5, how it differs from bulimia and from overeating, and what evidence-based treatment looks like.

Strong
Condition

Bipolar disorder

What bipolar disorder is, how mania and depression show up, bipolar I versus II, and what treatment looks like.

Strong
Condition

Bipolar disorder vs borderline personality disorder

How bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder actually differ, why they get confused, and what treatment looks like for each.

Strong
Condition

Bipolar I vs bipolar II

How bipolar I and bipolar II differ, what mania versus hypomania actually means, and why bipolar II is not "milder." Psychiatrist-reviewed.

Strong
Condition

Body dysmorphic disorder

A condition defined by a painful preoccupation with perceived flaws in appearance that others don't see, or see as slight.

Strong
Condition

Borderline personality disorder

A pattern of instability in emotions, self-image, and relationships, with marked impulsivity.

Strong
Condition

Bulimia nervosa

What bulimia nervosa is, how it differs from binge eating disorder and anorexia, why it's often hidden, and what treatment looks like.

Strong
Condition

Burnout

A state of exhaustion, mental distance from work, and reduced effectiveness from chronic workplace stress.

Mixed
Condition

Cannabis use disorder

What cannabis use disorder is, how high-potency products changed the risk picture, and what evidence-based treatment can offer.

Mixed
Condition

Complex PTSD

A trauma diagnosis in the WHO's ICD-11 that can follow prolonged, repeated trauma.

Mixed
Condition

Delirium

Sudden confusion and trouble paying attention, caused by a medical problem.

Mixed
Condition

Delusional disorder

A psychotic condition built around one or more fixed false beliefs lasting a month or more, while the rest of life often runs fairly normally.

Limited
Condition

Dependent personality disorder

What dependent personality disorder is, how it differs from culturally expected interdependence, and what evidence-based treatment can offer.

Mixed
Condition

Depersonalization-derealization disorder

What depersonalization-derealization disorder is, what triggers it, and what treatment helps.

Mixed
Condition

Depression vs burnout

How depression and burnout differ, why they overlap, and how to know when it is one, the other, or both.

Strong
Condition

Dissociative amnesia

What dissociative amnesia is, how it differs from organic memory loss and malingering, and what evidence-based treatment looks like.

Mixed
Condition

Dissociative identity disorder

What dissociative identity disorder actually is under DSM-5-TR, why social media misrepresents it, and what evidence-based phase-based treatment looks like.

Mixed
Condition

DMDD (disruptive mood dysregulation disorder)

A childhood condition of severe, frequent temper outbursts and a constantly irritable mood in between.

Limited
Condition

Eating disorders

What eating disorders are, the main types, the myths that delay help, and why recovery is possible.

Strong
Condition

Gambling disorder

Gambling that keeps going despite serious harm to money, relationships, or health.

Mixed
Condition

Generalized anxiety disorder

What generalized anxiety disorder is, how it differs from everyday worry, the symptoms, and what treatment helps.

Strong
Condition

Grief

The natural response to loss, especially a death.

Mixed
Condition

Health anxiety

A persistent preoccupation with fear of having or developing a serious illness.

Strong
Condition

Histrionic personality disorder

What histrionic personality disorder is, why the diagnosis itself is controversial, and what evidence-based treatment can offer.

Limited
Condition

Hoarding disorder

A condition marked by persistent difficulty discarding possessions, leading to clutter that disrupts living spaces and causes distress.

Mixed
Condition

Insomnia disorder

A sleep-wake disorder of persistent trouble falling or staying asleep despite enough opportunity, with real daytime effects.

Strong
Condition

Intellectual disability

What intellectual disability is under current criteria, how the diagnosis moved beyond IQ alone, and what supports enable full lives.

Mixed
Condition

Intermittent explosive disorder

Repeated outbursts of anger or aggression far out of proportion to what set them off.

Limited
Condition

Learning disorders

What specific learning disorders are, how they differ from intellectual disability, and what evidence-based support looks like.

Mixed
Condition

Major depression vs persistent depressive disorder

How major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) differ, why they often coexist, and what treatment looks like for each.

Strong
Condition

Major depressive disorder

What depression really is, the symptoms to know, why it happens, and what treatment looks like.

Strong
Condition

Narcissistic personality disorder

What narcissistic personality disorder actually is under DSM-5-TR, how it differs from ordinary self-focus, and what evidence-based treatment looks like when someone is willing to engage.

Mixed
Condition

Narcolepsy

What narcolepsy is, the difference between Type 1 and Type 2, and how modern treatments work.

Strong
Condition

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

How OCD works, the obsession-compulsion cycle, what intrusive thoughts mean, and why treatment like ERP helps.

Strong
Condition

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

What obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is, why it's not the same as OCD, and what evidence-based treatment can offer.

Mixed
Condition

Obstructive sleep apnea

What obstructive sleep apnea is, why it matters for mental health, and how CPAP and other treatments work.

Strong
Condition

OCD vs OCPD

OCD and OCPD share a name but are two different conditions.

Strong
Condition

Opioid use disorder

What opioid use disorder is, why medications for OUD save lives, and how naloxone and harm reduction fit in.

Strong
Condition

Oppositional defiant disorder

A childhood pattern of angry mood, arguing, defiance, and spite that goes well beyond normal misbehavior.

Strong
Condition

Panic attack vs anxiety attack

How panic attacks and anxiety attacks differ, why the terms get mixed up, and what actually helps for each.

Strong
Condition

Panic disorder

What panic disorder is, why attacks feel dangerous but aren't, how avoidance grows, and what treatment helps.

Strong
Condition

Paranoid personality disorder

What paranoid personality disorder is, how it differs from paranoid delusions in schizophrenia, and why engagement is the hardest part of treatment.

Limited
Condition

Parasomnias

What parasomnias are, why REM behavior disorder matters for future neurological disease, and what treatment looks like.

Mixed
Condition

Perinatal anxiety

What perinatal anxiety is, how common it is, and what evidence-based treatment during pregnancy and postpartum looks like.

Mixed
Condition

Perinatal OCD

What perinatal OCD is, why intrusive harm thoughts don't mean risk to the baby, and what evidence-based treatment can offer.

Mixed
Condition

Persistent depressive disorder

A long-lasting form of depression, present most days for two years or more.

Strong
Condition

Post-traumatic stress disorder

What PTSD is, the four symptom groups, why trauma stays stuck, and how trauma-focused treatment helps.

Strong
Condition

Postpartum depression

What postpartum depression is, how it differs from the baby blues, the symptoms, and what treatment helps.

Strong
Condition

Postpartum psychosis

What postpartum psychosis is, why it's a psychiatric emergency, and how it's treated.

Mixed
Condition

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

A severe, cyclical depressive disorder tied to the menstrual cycle, with marked mood symptoms in the week or so before a period that ease soon after it starts.

Strong
Condition

PTSD vs complex PTSD

How PTSD and complex PTSD differ, why the distinction is real, and what treatment looks like for each.

Strong
Condition

Restless legs syndrome

What restless legs syndrome is, why iron and dopamine matter, and what evidence-based treatment can offer.

Mixed
Condition

Schizoaffective disorder

What schizoaffective disorder is, how it differs from schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and what evidence-based treatment can offer.

Mixed
Condition

Schizoid personality disorder

What schizoid personality disorder is, how it differs from autism and introversion, and what evidence-based care can look like.

Limited
Condition

Schizophrenia

What schizophrenia is, the symptoms and the myths, how psychosis works, and why recovery is real.

Strong
Condition

Schizotypal personality disorder

What schizotypal personality disorder is, how it sits on the schizophrenia spectrum, and what evidence-based care can offer.

Mixed
Condition

Seasonal affective disorder

Depressive episodes that recur at a certain time of year, most often fall and winter, with remission otherwise.

Mixed
Condition

Social anxiety disorder

How social anxiety differs from shyness, what it feels like, why avoidance keeps it going, and what treatment helps.

Strong
Condition

Somatic symptom disorder

A condition where distressing physical symptoms come with excessive thoughts and behaviors about them that disrupt daily life.

Mixed
Condition

Specific phobia

A marked, lasting fear of a particular object or situation, out of proportion to the real danger.

Strong
Condition

Substance use disorder

What substance use disorder is, why it's not a moral failing, how it changes the brain, and what treatment helps.

Strong
Condition

Tourette syndrome

What Tourette syndrome is, how it differs from other tic disorders, and what evidence-based treatment looks like.

Mixed
Condition

Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder)

Repeated hair pulling that leads to noticeable hair loss and is hard to stop.

Mixed
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